Sources and original illustrations

Primary references and the limits of this educational collection.

Primary references

• NOAA: short-term aurora model — OVATION oval, forecast validity, magnetic-pole framing and variable short lead time.
• NOAA: estimated planetary K-index — Estimated three-hour geomagnetic index and distinction from local optical visibility.
• GFZ: geomagnetic Kp service — Planetary three-hour index derived from a magnetometer network.
• NOAA: space-weather scales — Separate geomagnetic, solar-radiation and radio-blackout scales.
• NOAA: solar-wind data — Upstream L1 measurements, variables, data gaps and selectable primary spacecraft.
• NOAA: coronal mass ejections — Plasma and magnetic-field ejections, direction, differing travel time and forecast analysis.
• NOAA: coronal holes — Open-field regions and high-speed streams, possible recurrence and changing impact.
• NASA: aurora emissions — Oxygen and nitrogen emissions, color and upper-atmosphere relationships.
• ESA: auroral forms — Ribbons, curtains, rays and changing form; image-specific context.
• FMI: auroras and space weather — Local station R-index, ten-minute rate of magnetic-field change, thresholds and missing-data category.
• IRF: aurora over Kiruna — All-sky camera horizon-to-horizon images and local observation context.
• IRF: all-sky camera and keogram — Central-line slices from minute images form a daily overview; this is a compressed view.
• IRF: camera data handbook — UTC filenames and keogram axes; historical technical description, not a guarantee of current interface.
• Aurorasaurus: participation — Positive and negative reports, observation time and scientific participation.
• Aurorasaurus: data coverage discussion — Report distribution reflects observers and population, not absolute auroral occurrence.
• NASA: Moon phases — Phase, reflected sunlight and the need for local rise/set predictions.
• DarkSky: responsible lighting — Useful, targeted, proportionate and controlled outdoor lighting.
• Tromsø science centre: planetarium program — Language-specific screenings and dated program exceptions; actual schedule must be checked.
• Tromsø science centre: Extreme Auroras — Fulldome documentary experience distinct from outdoor natural observation.
• Andøya: visitor-centre closure — Current headline says visitor centre closed to the public; education operations continue separately.
• Andøya: opening information — Opening page says permanently closed despite remaining historical price content.
• Varanger Museum: Borderland Museum — Kirkenes and South Varanger borderland, industrial and community history; not border-entry advice.
• Húsavík Whale Museum — Whale-focused indoor exhibits and separate seasonal visitor information.
• Visit Austurland: winter Riverdale — Egilsstaðir service hub, regional museum and winter service differences; no self-drive route reproduced.

Original visual material

The diagrams in this edition are original SVG illustrations explaining the sequence or decisions in each guide. They do not show a laboratory experiment, a personal trip or a tested product result. No photographs from the linked sources are reproduced.

Check the source in context

References were consulted during preparation of this edition. A source may cover a broader or narrower question than a particular guide; the support notes above explain why it is listed. Read the original for methodology, exceptions and updates.